Persia (Modern-day Iran): Before islam, Persia was home to the powerful Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanian empires. Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion, and the region had a rich tradition of art, poetry, and philosophy. Persian culture continued to flourish under islam but with new influences.
Egypt: Ancient egypt had a highly developed civilization long before Islam. The culture was centered around the nile River, and the Egyptians are renowned for their monumental architecture (pyramids), hieroglyphic writing, and polytheistic beliefs, centered around gods like Ra and Osiris.
India: Before islam reached the indian subcontinent, Hinduism, Buddhism, and jainism were already well-established. The region had a diverse culture marked by advanced mathematics, art, architecture (like the temples of Khajuraho), and literature.
North Africa (e.g., Berber cultures): The Berbers, indigenous to North Africa, had their own languages, customs, and polytheistic beliefs before Islam. They were known for their fierce independence and complex tribal systems.
These regions had sophisticated cultural and religious systems that blended with Islamic influences over time, creating the diverse cultures we see today.